Code dan Standard :

• API 620 : Standard design & construction tanki timbun yang dibangun diatas permukaan tanah, yang dibuat dari baja yang dilas dan beroperasi pada tekanan rendah.
• API 650 : Standard material, design, fabrication & testing tanki timbun silindris vertical yang dibangun diatas permukaan tanah untuk minyak bumi dan produk BBM, yang beroperasi pada tekanan internal tidak lebih daripada berat tutup
• API 651 : Standard perlindungan cathodic tanki timbun yang dibangun diatas permukaan tanah.
• API 653 : Standard perbaikan, perubahan dan rekonstruksi tanki timbun.
• API 575 : Standard inspeksi tanki timbun bertekanan rendah.

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Some continuous techniques can only detect transient pipeline conditions during the onset of a leak, and will not be able to identify the presence of a leak at a later time.

For some intermittent techniques fluid transportation through the pipeline needs to be interrupted. Using intermittent techniques, the detection time of a leak will be completely dependent on the frequency of inspection.

Techniques for detection of leaks in liquid lines offer better performance than those for gas pipelines, which in turn are better than those for two-phase pipelines.

The conflicting balance of sensitivity to leaks and false alarms will determine the sensitivity setting of the leak detection system. Large leaks can normally be detected more rapidly than small ones. To maintain the user’s confidence in the system, avoiding false alarms should have a higher priority than attempting to shorten the leak detection time or reducing the minimum detectable leak rate.

The performance of pipeline leak detection techniques is dependent on fluid type, operating pressure

including fluctuations, batch or continuous operation, pipeline length and size, metering accuracy, etc.

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• Almost all materials expand as they are heated.
• For example a solid such as the concrete road decks on bridges expand and contract with the changes in temperatures. For this reason expansion joints are placed in the road beds.
• Liquids also expand as they are heated usually at a much higher rate than a solid. For example as the temperature rises in a thermometer the mercury in the thermometer expands and then rises to indicate the temperature.
• Gases expand directly proportional to the temperature change in the gas. In other words gases expand at a much higher rate than either solids or liquids.
• In the cases of solids and liquids these materials are considered to be essentially incompressible. Hence as these material heat up they will expand and if they are in a closed container they will produce very high pressures and sometimes rupture the container in which they are contained
• But gases are highly compressible. So in other words as a gas is heated up in a closed container it will attempt to expand, but since the walls of the container limit this expansion, the gas pressure increases instead. Due to this compressibility gas pressures don’t rise as rapidly as solids or liquids.

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Introduction

It is assumed that the reader already has experience in welding of austenitic stainless steels such as Type 316L.This section addresses some to commonly discuss welding characteristics and procedures of the duplex stainless steels in terms of how they differ from austenitic stainless steels. Addressing each of these features is essential for the design of technically and economically effective welding procedures to be qualified. Differences between Duplex and Austenitic Stainless Steels Duplex stainless steels are typically twice as strong as common austenitic stainless steels. The thermal expansion of the duplex grades is intermediate to that of carbon steel and the austenitic stainless steels. The thermal conductivity of the duplex stainless steels is also intermediate to that of carbon steels and the austenitic stainless steels.

When there are problems with welding of austenitic stainless steels, those problems are most frequently associated with hot cracking of the weld metal itself. This hot cracking tendency is aggravated by fully or predominantly austenitic solidification, and by the combination of high thermal expansion and low thermal conductivity. For the more common austenitic stainless steels, hot cracking is minimized by adjusting the composition of the filler metal to provide significant ferrite content. For the more highly alloyed austenitic stainless steels where the use of a nickel-base filler metal is necessary, austenitic solidification is unavoidable. In these cases these problems must be managed by minimizing joint constraint and by low heat input, often requiring many passes to build up the weld.

Duplex stainless steels have good hot cracking resistance. Hot cracking of the duplex weld metal is seldom a concern. The problems most typical of duplex stainless steels are associated with the heat-affected zone (HAZ), not with the weld metal. The HAZ problems are not hot cracking but rather a loss of corrosion resistance and toughness, or of post weld cracking. To avoid these problems, the welding procedure should focus on minimizing total

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There are many different kinds of turbines:

You have probably heard of a steam turbine. Most power plants use coal, natural gas, oil or a nuclear reactor to create steam. The steam runs through a huge and very carefully designed multi-stage turbine to spin an output shaft that drives the plant’s generator.

Hydroelectric dams use water turbines in the same way to generate power. The turbines used in a hydroelectric plant look completely different from a steam turbine because water is so much denser (and slower moving) than steam, but it is the same principle.

Wind turbines, also known as wind mills, use the wind as their motive force. A wind turbine looks nothing like a steam turbine or a water turbine because wind is slow moving and very light, but again, the principle is the same.

A gas turbine is an extension of the same concept. In a gas turbine, a pressurized gas spins the turbine.

In all modern gas turbine engines, the engine produces its own pressurized gas, and it does this by burning something like propane, natural gas, kerosene or jet fuel. The heat that comes from burning the fuel expands air, and the high speed rush of this hot air spins the turbine.

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It is strategically important that your maintenance team understands the fundamentals of process tank design and operations concepts. This is the difference between being in the best quartile of operational ability and being in the last quartile. There is vast difference in the operational ability of operating companies and most benchmarking studies have confirmed this gap in operational abilities.

Whether you have a team of new or seasoned employees, an introduction or review of these concepts is very beneficial in closing the gap if you are not in the best quartile, or maintaining a leadership position. Most studies show that a continuous reinforcement of best practices in operational principles is the most effective way to obtain the desired results. Training and learning should be an on going continuous life long goal.

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A refinery is a factory. Just as a paper mill turns lumber into legal pads or a glassworks turns silica into stemware, a refinery takes a raw material–crude oil–and transforms it into gasoline and hundreds of other useful products.

A typical large refinery costs billions of dollars to build and millions more to maintain and upgrade.

It runs around the clock 365 days a year, employs between 1,000 and 2,000 people and occupies

as much land as several hundred football fields. It’s so big and sprawling, in fact, that workers ride bicycles from one station to another.

Chevron has six gasoline-producing “Factories” in the United States and another in Burnaby, British Columbia. ChevronTexaco has refining capacities worldwide of over two million barrels per day, with 21 refineries around the world.

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Kode ASME Seksi VIII dibagi menjadi 3 Divisi, yaitu : Divisi 1, Divisi 2, dan Divisi 3. Divisi 1 merupakan divisi yang paling umum digunakan oleh karena persyaratan didalamnya cukup untuk memenuhi aplikasi kebanyakan bejana tekan yang ada.

Tujuan utama dari peraturan yang ada pada kode ASME adalah menentukan persyaratan minimum yang diperlukan bagi konstruksi dan pengoperasian bejana tekan yang aman. Namun persyaratan didalamnya tidak mencakup seluruh detil disain yang diperlukan, sehingga persyaratan keteknikan lain yang sesuai dengan aplikasi bejana tekan yang ada dapat diambil sebagai persyaratan tambahan pada kode ASME.

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GATE VALVE                               : Katup denga dengan sudut putaran 360 derajat.

BUTTERFLY VALVE                   : Katup pengatur tahapan tekanan air pada pipa.

CHECK VALVE                            : Katup penahan arus balik.

BALANCING VALVE                 : Katup keseimbangan arus yang masuk dengan yang keluar.

AIR VENT                                    : Pembuangan udara palsu.

THERMOMETER                       : Pengukur terhadap suhu air yang mengalir.

PRESSURE GAUGE                  : Pengukur tekanan air pada pipa.

FLOW METER                            : Pengukur aliran fluida pada pipa.

FLOW SWICTH                           : Penghubung kontak terhadap arus fluida yang mengalir ke instalasi pipa.

THREE WAY MOTORIZED       : Pembagi aliran fluida tiga arah bekerja secara outomatic.

TWO WAY MOTORIZED          : Pembagi aliran fluida dua arah bekerja secara automatic.

GLOBE VALVE                              : Katup dengan sudut putaran 90 derajat.

CLEAN VALVE                              : Katup kontrol bila terjadi sumbatan.

FLOOR DRAIN                              : Air buangan /bekas mandi.

U-TRAP                                       : Pipa keluar dari wastafel [dibawah wastafel]/wadah untuk menahan fluida agar tidak langsungkeluar,

                                                       tapi tersumbat pungsinya untuk menghalangi udara tak sedap.

VENT                                           : Ventilasi udara pada supaya mempelancar fluida yang masuk.

Pipe is a pressure tight cylinder used to convey a fluid or to transmit a fluid pressure, ordinarily designated pipe in applicable material specifications. Materials designated tube or tubing in the specifications are treated as pipe when intended for pressure service.

Piping is an assembly of piping components used to convey, distribute, mix, separate, discharge, meter, control or snub fluid flows. Piping also includes pipe-supporting elements but does not include support structures, such as building frames, bents, foundations, or any equipment excluded from Code definitions.

Piping components are mechanical elements suitable for joining or assembly into pressure-tight fluid-containing piping systems. Components include pipe, tubing, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves and devices such as expansion joints, flexible joints, pressure hoses, traps, strainers, in-line portions of instruments and separators.

Piping is typically round. Lebih lanjut klik piping-tutorial.pdf