Storage Tank

PENDAHULUAN

Code dan Standard :

• API 620 : Standard design & construction tanki timbun yang dibangun diatas permukaan tanah, yang dibuat dari baja yang dilas dan beroperasi pada tekanan rendah.
• API 650 : Standard material, design, fabrication & testing tanki timbun silindris vertical yang dibangun diatas permukaan tanah untuk minyak bumi dan produk BBM, yang beroperasi pada tekanan internal tidak lebih daripada berat tutup
• API 651 : Standard perlindungan cathodic tanki timbun yang dibangun diatas permukaan tanah.
• API 653 : Standard perbaikan, perubahan dan rekonstruksi tanki timbun.
• API 575 : Standard inspeksi tanki timbun bertekanan rendah.

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Thermal Expansion

What is Thermal Expansion

• Almost all materials expand as they are heated.
• For example a solid such as the concrete road decks on bridges expand and contract with the changes in temperatures. For this reason expansion joints are placed in the road beds.
• Liquids also expand as they are heated usually at a much higher rate than a solid. For example as the temperature rises in a thermometer the mercury in the thermometer expands and then rises to indicate the temperature.
• Gases expand directly proportional to the temperature change in the gas. In other words gases expand at a much higher rate than either solids or liquids.
• In the cases of solids and liquids these materials are considered to be essentially incompressible. Hence as these material heat up they will expand and if they are in a closed container they will produce very high pressures and sometimes rupture the container in which they are contained
• But gases are highly compressible. So in other words as a gas is heated up in a closed container it will attempt to expand, but since the walls of the container limit this expansion, the gas pressure increases instead. Due to this compressibility gas pressures don’t rise as rapidly as solids or liquids.

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Gas Turbine

A Little Background

There are many different kinds of turbines:

You have probably heard of a steam turbine. Most power plants use coal, natural gas, oil or a nuclear reactor to create steam. The steam runs through a huge and very carefully designed multi-stage turbine to spin an output shaft that drives the plant’s generator.

Hydroelectric dams use water turbines in the same way to generate power. The turbines used in a hydroelectric plant look completely different from a steam turbine because water is so much denser (and slower moving) than steam, but it is the same principle.

Wind turbines, also known as wind mills, use the wind as their motive force. A wind turbine looks nothing like a steam turbine or a water turbine because wind is slow moving and very light, but again, the principle is the same.

A gas turbine is an extension of the same concept. In a gas turbine, a pressurized gas spins the turbine.

In all modern gas turbine engines, the engine produces its own pressurized gas, and it does this by burning something like propane, natural gas, kerosene or jet fuel. The heat that comes from burning the fuel expands air, and the high speed rush of this hot air spins the turbine.

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Storage Tank Design, Operation and Maintenance

The success of every company depends of each employee’s understanding of the key business components. Employee training and development will unlock the companies’ profitability and reliability. When people, processes and technology work together as a team developing practical solutions, companies can maximize profitability and assets in a sustainable manner. Training and development is an investment in future success – give yourself and your employees the keys to success

It is strategically important that your maintenance team understands the fundamentals of process tank design and operations concepts. This is the difference between being in the best quartile of operational ability and being in the last quartile. There is vast difference in the operational ability of operating companies and most benchmarking studies have confirmed this gap in operational abilities.

Whether you have a team of new or seasoned employees, an introduction or review of these concepts is very beneficial in closing the gap if you are not in the best quartile, or maintaining a leadership position. Most studies show that a continuous reinforcement of best practices in operational principles is the most effective way to obtain the desired results. Training and learning should be an on going continuous life long goal.

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Apa itu ASME

Kode ASME Seksi VIII

Kode ASME Seksi VIII dibagi menjadi 3 Divisi, yaitu : Divisi 1, Divisi 2, dan Divisi 3. Divisi 1 merupakan divisi yang paling umum digunakan oleh karena persyaratan didalamnya cukup untuk memenuhi aplikasi kebanyakan bejana tekan yang ada.

Tujuan utama dari peraturan yang ada pada kode ASME adalah menentukan persyaratan minimum yang diperlukan bagi konstruksi dan pengoperasian bejana tekan yang aman. Namun persyaratan didalamnya tidak mencakup seluruh detil disain yang diperlukan, sehingga persyaratan keteknikan lain yang sesuai dengan aplikasi bejana tekan yang ada dapat diambil sebagai persyaratan tambahan pada kode ASME.

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Risk Based Inspection

Risk Based Inspection (RBI) adalah metode untuk menentukan rencana inspeksi (equipment mana saja yang perlu diinspeksi, kapan diinspeksi, dan metode inspeksi apa yang sesuai) berdasarkan resiko kegagalan suatu peralatan.

Resiko (Risk) menurut konsep RBI adalah probability of failure (PoF) dikalikan consequence of failure (CoF). PoF adalah kemungkinan terjadinya kegagalan pada suatu periode tertentu.

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Turbin Pelton

Turbin Pelton termasuk jenis turbin impuls yang merubah seluruh energi air menjadi energi kecepatan sebelum memasuki runner turbin. Perubahan energi ini dilakukan didalam nozzle dimana air yang semula mempunyai energi potensial yang tinggi diubah menjadi energi kinetis. Pancaran air yang keluar dari nozzle akan menumbuk bucket yang dipasang tetap sekeliling runner dan garis pusat pancaran air menyinggung lingkaran dari pusat bucket. Kecepatan keliling dari bucket akibat tumbukan yang terjadi tergantung dari jumlah dan ukuran pancaran serta kecepatannya. Kecepatan pancaran tergantung dari tinggi air di atas nozzlenya serta effisiensinya.

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